Quantum information science, engineering, and technologies (QISET) have entered a second phase, moving from lab-based projects to real-world applications that are reshaping strategies and finances in both the federal government and the private sector, according to experts at the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative aimed at strengthening America's long-term competitiveness in artificial intelligence.
In the first phase, known as Quantum 1.0, quantum mechanics and science led to the development of lasers and transistors. Today, Quantum 2.0 focuses on advances in photonics, microelectronics, and specialized materials. As the United States seeks to enhance its quantum capabilities, SCSP has launched a limited newsletter, "Quantum States," to examine how different states and regions are leading the way. The newsletter assesses states across metrics including cited quantum information science research, patents, the volume of both 'pure play' and quantum-enabling companies, the number of military research facilities, breadth of the full quantum stack (computing, sensing, and networking), and the number of quantum-related job openings.
According to SCSP experts, "Developing a robust ecosystem of quantum technologies is not a one-size-fits-all approach, in which local leadership is guaranteed by hosting the most companies within a region. Rather, it requires a cohesive, strategic effort leveraging strengths within that state."
Currently, California leads in most aspects of Quantum 2.0, including industrial capacity, talent pipelines, and market ecosystems. Other established hubs include New York, Illinois, Colorado, Maryland, and Massachusetts. However, several states are poised to become players, including Texas, North Carolina, and Florida, given their high number of PhDs awarded and the presence of quantum research centers in many of their academic institutions.
"The most successful quantum states build strong synergies between pillars of a quantum ecosystem: academia, NIST, national labs, startups, and private industry," according to the SCSP experts. Ultimately, true quantum hubs emerge where industry, academia, and government actively connect.
This shift has significant implications for business and technology leaders. As quantum technologies transition from research to application, companies that align with regional quantum ecosystems may gain early access to talent, infrastructure, and innovation. States that foster collaboration between academia, government, and industry could attract investment and create high-tech jobs, boosting local economies. For the broader world, the localization of quantum innovation could accelerate breakthroughs in computing, sensing, and networking, with potential impacts on sectors from finance to national security. Leaders should monitor these regional developments to identify opportunities for partnership and strategic advantage.
For more information and future editions of the Quantum States newsletter, visit scsp.ai.
